If you're buying a firearm online for the first time, you've probably seen the term "FFL" and wondered what it means for your purchase. Understanding FFLs is essential—without one, you legally cannot complete an online gun purchase.
Here's the short answer: An FFL (Federal Firearms License) is a license issued by the ATF that authorizes a business or individual to sell and transfer firearms. You don't need an FFL yourself, but every gun you buy online must be shipped to an FFL holder who completes your transfer and runs your background check.
What Does FFL Stand For?
FFL stands for Federal Firearms License. It's an official license issued by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) that permits a person or business to legally sell, manufacture, import, or transfer firearms and ammunition.
In practical terms, an FFL is what makes someone a legal gun dealer. There are over 75,000 licensed FFLs operating across the United States, including dedicated gun shops, sporting goods stores, pawn shops, and home-based dealers.
Types of FFLs You Should Know
The ATF issues several FFL types, but only a few are relevant for everyday gun buyers:
Type 01 (Dealer in Firearms) — This is the most common license. Type 01 FFLs can sell firearms at retail and handle transfers. When you buy a gun online, you'll almost always work with a Type 01 dealer.
Type 02 (Pawnbroker) — Pawn shops that deal in firearms hold this license. They can accept transfers just like Type 01 dealers.
Type 07 (Manufacturer) — Authorizes manufacturing firearms. Some manufacturers also do retail sales and transfers.
For your purposes, any Type 01, 02, or 07 FFL can receive your online firearm purchase and complete your transfer.
Why You Need an FFL to Buy Guns Online
Federal law is clear: firearms cannot be shipped directly to your home. Under 18 U.S.C. § 922(a), every firearm sale must go through a licensed dealer who verifies your identity and conducts a background check.
This requirement exists for one reason—to ensure guns don't reach people who are legally prohibited from owning them. When you complete a transfer at an FFL, the dealer runs your information through the NICS (National Instant Criminal Background Check System), which searches criminal records, mental health adjudications, and other disqualifying factors.
Only after NICS returns "Proceed" can the FFL legally hand you the firearm.
Attempting to bypass this system carries serious consequences. Both the seller and buyer face up to 10 years in federal prison for illegally shipping or receiving a firearm outside the FFL system.
Learn more about NICS background checks →
How FFLs Fit Into Online Gun Purchases
Here's the basic process when you buy a firearm online:
- Find a local FFL willing to accept transfers (use our FFL locator)
- Purchase your firearm from an online retailer
- Enter your FFL's information at checkout
- The retailer ships to your FFL (not to your home)
- Visit your FFL to complete paperwork and background check
- Take possession of your firearm after approval
The entire process typically takes 2-3 weeks from purchase to pickup. You'll pay a transfer fee to your FFL (usually $25-$75) plus shipping.
Read our complete guide: How to Buy a Gun Online →
How to Find an FFL Near You
Finding a good FFL for your transfer is the first step in any online gun purchase. Your options include:
- Local gun shops — Most accept transfers, though fees vary
- Sporting goods retailers — Bass Pro, Cabela's, and similar stores
- Pawn shops — Often have lower fees than dedicated gun stores
- Home-based FFLs — Typically offer the lowest transfer fees
When choosing an FFL, ask about their transfer fee, turnaround time, and any firearms they won't accept.
What to Expect at Your FFL Transfer
When your firearm arrives at the FFL, you'll schedule an appointment to complete the transfer. Here's what happens:
Bring valid ID — Government-issued photo ID (driver's license, passport)
Complete ATF Form 4473 — This federal form collects your information and asks eligibility questions. Answer truthfully—lying on Form 4473 is a felony.
Background check — The FFL submits your information to NICS. Most checks return within minutes, though some take longer.
Pay fees — You'll pay the transfer fee and any applicable taxes.
Take possession — If approved, you walk out with your firearm.
Some states have waiting periods that delay possession even after background check approval. Your FFL will know your state's requirements.
What to bring to your FFL transfer →
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I buy a gun online without an FFL?
No. Federal law requires all firearms to be transferred through a licensed FFL. There are no exceptions for online purchases, regardless of your state, the type of firearm, or whether you have a concealed carry permit.
Do I need my own FFL to buy a gun?
No. You don't need a license to purchase firearms for personal use. You simply need to use a licensed FFL dealer to receive your transfer.
How much does an FFL transfer cost?
Transfer fees typically range from $15-$75 depending on the dealer and location. Home-based FFLs usually charge less than retail gun shops. See our FFL transfer fee guide →
How long does an FFL transfer take?
Once your firearm arrives at the FFL, the transfer appointment usually takes 15-30 minutes. Total time from online purchase to possession is typically 2-3 weeks (shipping + processing + any waiting periods).
What if my background check is denied?
If NICS denies your transfer, the FFL cannot complete it. You have the right to appeal through the FBI. Common denial reasons include mistaken identity or outdated records. Learn more about background checks →
Find an FFL Dealer Near You
Ready to buy your next firearm online? The first step is finding a reliable FFL in your area with fair transfer fees and good service.