Whether you're buying a gun online or purchasing from a private seller, you'll need to complete an FFL transfer to legally take possession of your firearm. Understanding the process beforehand ensures a smooth, quick transfer.
Here's exactly what happens during an FFL transfer and what you need to bring.
What Is an FFL Transfer?
An FFL transfer is the legal process where a licensed firearms dealer verifies your identity, conducts a background check, and officially transfers ownership of a firearm to you.
Federal law requires this process for:
- All online firearm purchases
- Interstate private sales
- Any sale where the seller isn't an FFL
The transfer creates a legal record documenting that you lawfully acquired the firearm after passing a background check.
What to Bring to Your FFL Transfer
Arrive prepared to avoid delays or a wasted trip.
Required Documents
Valid government-issued photo ID — Acceptable forms include:
- Driver's license (most common)
- State ID card
- U.S. passport
- Military ID
- Passport card
Your ID must be current (not expired) and show your legal name.
If Your Address Has Changed
If your ID doesn't show your current address, bring additional documentation:
- Utility bill in your name
- Lease or mortgage document
- Voter registration card
- Vehicle registration
- Bank statement
The address on your documentation must match where you actually live. FFLs cannot transfer to non-residents.
Additional Items to Have Ready
- Social Security Number — Required for Form 4473 (you don't need the physical card)
- Payment method — Cash, card, or check for transfer fees
- State permit — If your state requires one (check state laws)
- Order confirmation — Helpful to verify you're picking up the right firearm
The Transfer Process: Step by Step
1. Arrive at Your Appointment
Some FFLs accept walk-ins; others require appointments. Either way, be on time and have your documents ready. The FFL will retrieve your firearm from their inventory.
2. Verify the Firearm
Before paperwork begins, verify you're receiving the correct firearm. Check:
- Make and model match your order
- Serial number matches documentation
- No visible damage from shipping
- All accessories/magazines are included
If anything is wrong, address it before signing paperwork.
3. Complete ATF Form 4473
This is the federal "Firearms Transaction Record"—the core document of every transfer. The form has several sections:
Section A — Personal Information
- Full legal name
- Current address
- Place and date of birth
- State of residence
- Citizenship status
- Social Security number
- Ethnicity and race
Section B — Eligibility Questions
You'll answer yes/no to questions determining if you're legally prohibited from possessing firearms:
| Question Topic | Disqualifying Answer |
|---|---|
| Felony conviction | Yes |
| Domestic violence conviction | Yes |
| Active restraining order | Yes |
| Unlawful drug use | Yes |
| Adjudicated mentally ill | Yes |
| Fugitive from justice | Yes |
| Dishonorable military discharge | Yes |
| Renounced U.S. citizenship | Yes |
| Illegal alien status | Yes |
Critical warning: Answering falsely on Form 4473 is a federal felony punishable by up to 5 years in prison and $250,000 in fines. This applies even if your transfer would otherwise be approved.
Section D — Your Signature
You sign certifying all information is true and complete, and that you understand the questions.
4. Background Check (NICS)
The FFL submits your information to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System. This checks your name, date of birth, and other identifiers against federal and state databases.
Possible responses:
| Response | Meaning | What Happens |
|---|---|---|
| Proceed | Approved | Transfer completes |
| Delay | More research needed | Wait up to 3 business days |
| Denied | Prohibited from purchase | Transfer cannot complete |
Most checks return "Proceed" within minutes. If you get a delay, the FFL will contact you when the response arrives.
5. State-Specific Requirements
Depending on your state, additional steps may apply:
- State background check — Some states (CA, CO, NY, etc.) run their own check
- Waiting period — Mandatory delay before you can take possession
- Permit verification — FFL verifies your state permit is valid
- Registration — Some states require firearm registration
Your FFL handles these requirements—they know local laws and will guide you through any additional steps.
Check your state's requirements →
6. Pay Your Fees
Transfer fees cover the FFL's time and legal liability. Payment is typically due when you pick up your firearm.
See typical FFL transfer fees →
7. Take Possession
Once approved and any waiting periods have passed, the FFL hands you your firearm. You're done.
Keep your receipt and any transfer documentation for your records.
How Long Does an FFL Transfer Take?
The appointment itself: 15-30 minutes for straightforward transfers
Background check:
- 90% complete within minutes
- Delays can take up to 3 business days
- Some states have longer timelines
Waiting periods (if applicable):
- California: 10 days
- Florida: 3 days
- Hawaii: 14 days (handguns)
- Others vary—see state laws
Total time from online purchase to possession: Typically 2-3 weeks including shipping.
What If Your Background Check Is Delayed?
A "Delay" response doesn't mean you're denied—it means NICS needs more time to research your background. Common reasons include:
- Similar name to someone with disqualifying records
- Incomplete criminal justice records
- Previous arrest that was dismissed or expunged
- High system volume
What happens next:
Federal law allows the FFL to transfer the firearm after 3 business days if no final response is received. However, many FFLs choose to wait for a definitive answer, and some states require waiting regardless.
Your FFL will contact you when the response arrives or when they can complete the transfer.
What If Your Background Check Is Denied?
If NICS returns "Denied," the transfer cannot be completed. The FFL will:
- Inform you of the denial
- Return the firearm to the online retailer (or hold it pending appeal)
- Provide information on the appeal process
You have the right to appeal. Common denial reasons that are overturned on appeal:
- Mistaken identity (same name as prohibited person)
- Expunged or dismissed charges still appearing in records
- Incorrect court records
- Restored rights after conviction
The appeal process goes through the FBI or your state police depending on who issued the denial. It can take weeks to months but provides legal recourse if you believe the denial is in error.
Learn more about NICS and appeals →
Tips for a Smooth FFL Transfer
Double-check your ID. Make sure it's not expired and shows your current address.
Know your Social Security number. You'll need it for Form 4473.
Arrive prepared. Have payment ready and any required state permits.
Be honest on Form 4473. If you're unsure about an answer, ask the FFL—don't guess or lie.
Inspect before signing. Verify the firearm matches your order and has no damage.
Keep your paperwork. Save your receipt and any transfer documentation.
Frequently Asked Questions
How much does an FFL transfer cost?
Transfer fees typically range from $25-$75, varying by dealer and location. See our fee guide →
Can I use any FFL for my transfer?
Yes, you can choose any licensed FFL. However, the FFL must be in your state of residence for handgun transfers.
What if I fail the background check?
You cannot take possession of the firearm. The FFL returns it to the seller or holds it while you appeal. You have the right to challenge incorrect denials.
Do I need an appointment?
Policies vary by FFL. Some accept walk-ins; others require appointments. Call ahead to confirm.
Can someone else pick up my firearm?
No. The person who purchased the firearm must complete the transfer. FFLs cannot transfer to a third party.
Find an FFL for Your Transfer
Ready to complete your transfer? Search our directory to find FFL dealers near you with competitive fees and fast processing.